Actin based cell motility pdf

Pdf secrets of actinbased motility revealed by a bacterial. Actin polymerization is essential for cells to migrate, as well as for various cell biological processes such as cytokinesis and vesicle traffic. The study of the molecular processes involved in the initiation of actin tail formation at the bacterial surface, and subsequent actin. How actin network dynamics control the onset of actinbased motility. Actin based motility of bacterial pathogensin the late 1980s, several research groups found that factin is responsible for the. Certain cell types are specialized for locomotion, e. Covers insights coming from the various disciplines cell biology, biochemistry.

Actin polymerization drives cancer cell motility the motility of eukaryotic cells is driven by the polymerization of actin monomers into polarized. Sequence data base searches have allowed identification of a large family of actin binding proteins containing an adf homology module. The grampositive bacterium listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen capable of rapid movement through the host cell. The application of the latest scientific techniques in the unraveling of cell motility.

Control of actin dynamics in cell motility journal of biological. Pdf the plasma membrane is of central importance in the motility process. This ability is required for singlecelled organisms to hunt and mate, enables innate immune cells to seek and destroy pathogens, and is also essential for the development of multicellular organisms. Actinbased wave generator organizes cell motility author summary many cells guide their movement in response to external cues. Diversification of caldesmonlinked actin cytoskeleton in. Some are based on filamentscale descriptions of actin assembly and crosslinking 29,30, while others take a more coarsegrained approach based on the bulk mechanical properties of crosslinked polymer networks 17,19,20,34. This striking observation suggests a role for actin based motility in cell to cell spread of m. The actin cytoskeletona collection of actin filaments with their accessory and regulatory proteinsis the primary forcegenerating machinery in the cell. Involvement of profilin in the actin based motility of l. Minimal models of actinbased cell motility aaron rumack1, jamie brandon2, boris m. To test the effects of myc b on actin regulatory proteins, we visualized the changes in localization of the f actin binding protein cortactin that functions in cancer cell motility and invasion. Request pdf actinbased motility assay actin based movement can be reconstituted by using microspheres functionalized with the enzymes nwasp or acta, which use the arp23 complex and. Contractile forces produced by myosin motors pulling on actin filaments retract the trailing end in migrating cells, a mechanism analogous to muscle contraction. Sanger jm1, chang r, ashton f, kaper jb, sanger jw.

Successive intercalation of monomeric actin subunits between the plasma membrane and the filamentous actin network results in protrusions of the membrane enabling the cell to move or to. The bacterial cell surface protein acta is necessary and sufficient for actin based motility in host. Reading cell motion, namely, understanding the underlying. In nonmuscle cells, actin based motility comprises a complex set of processes, commencing with the highly regulated assembly and disassembly of actin filaments in the cytoplasm nearest the. Based on the similarities in actin organization and dynamics in bacterial comet tails and cellular structures including lamellipodia, listeria and shigella motility have been used as a model to study the molecular mechanisms that control actin dynamics in cells. A major progress in understanding actinbased motility came with the i. The microfilament system and malignancy princeton university. Actin based motile processes are responsible for a large variety of motile. Furthermore, while some hallmarks of cell migration and cytoskeletal organization require pka activity e. Actin depolymerization within the protrusive requires an energy source, and in the cytoplasm, this structure is the most likely source of actin monomer, must ultimately derive from the chemical energy of nualthough contribution of actin from other regions in the cleotide hydrolysis. Within hours of listeria monocytogenes infection, host cell actin filaments form a dense cloud around the intracytoplasmic bacteria and then rearrange to form a polarized comet tail that is associated with moving bacteria. Effects of modulating actin dynamics on her2 cancer cell.

This model provides a framework for analysing the role of actin regulators in. Forces generated by the actin cytoskeleton power these diverse motility processes. Furthermore, although myosin alone can provide sufficient force to drive motility 31,35, actin polymerization at the parasite tip could also contribute to movement by propelling the filament track and cortex backwards, as occurs at the leading edge of crawling mammalian cells 1. We have devised a cell free extract system capable of faithfully reconstituting l. Actin and microtubules in cell motility wiley online library. Pdf regulation of apicomplexan actinbased motility tony. Developments in the field over the past 25 years have highlighted that studying how pathogens exploit actin has enhanced our understanding of pathogenesis and revolutionized our knowledge of the host pathways that regulate actin assembly in uninfected cells. Jan 01, 1995 microinjection of cells in fected with idsteria for several hours with the 53 kda proteolytic fragment of 0tactinin which does not actinbased bacterial motility cossart 99 contain the actin binding site but is known to bind to the cytoplasmic domain of integrins leads to the disappearance of the bacteriacontaining filopodia and. Cramer deadhesion occurs since the axon is more weakly sub. Actinbased motility and celltocell spread of bacterial. Involvement of profilin in the actinbased motility. Actinbased cell protrusion in a 3d matrix sciencedirect.

Because the unrestricted movement of cells on 2d surfaces has enabled a detailed understanding of the basic machinery that cells use to. While the molecular basis of cell motility is beginning to be understood, relatively little is known about the largescale mechanisms responsible for this remarkable self. In motor based models, a barbed cell may also play. In silico reconstitution of actinbased symmetry breaking and. Emons, tijs ketelaar, actin based processes that could determine the cytoplasmic architecture of plant cells, biochimica et biophysica acta bba molecular cell research, 10.

Misregulation of cell migration is intimately involved in atheroscle. Actinbased motility of bacterial pathogens oxford academic journals. The discovery of bacterial actin based motility intracellular bacterial movement was first observed in the 1950s by timelapse microscopy of cells infected with rickettsia rickettsii schaechter et al. Novel form of actinbased motility transports bacteria on the. Active nwaspwasp leads to actin polymerization by activating the arp23 complex. A wide variety of soluble signaling substances utilize the cyclic ampdependent protein kinase pka pathway to regulate cellular behaviors including. Three regions within acta promote arp23 complexmediated. It is defined as a reduction in cell cell adhesion accompanying decreased epithelial gene expression, acquisition of motility, cell shape alteration and increased mesenchymal gene expression. Actinbased motility cellular, molecular and physical aspects. A schematic of the three stages of cell movement, based on 1, 12. Involvement of profilin in the actinbased motility of. In silico reconstitution of actinbased symmetry breaking.

Pdf listeria and shigella actinbased motility in host cells. Rapidly moving cells can often move over the substrate without microtubules keratocytes, neutrophils, but crawling motility always requires actin. Biophysical aspects of actinbased cell motility in fish. Novel form of actinbased motility transports bacteria on. The effect of vasp was observed in the whole range of acta surface density. Pdf bacillus anthracis edema toxin impairs neutrophil actin. Theriot ja, rosenblatt j, portnoy da, goldschmidt cp, mitchison tj 1994. Actin based motility thus appears to be a common mechanism used by vertebrate poxviruses chordopoxviridae to enhance cell to cell spread dodding and way, 2009. In shigella the protein icsa activates nwasp, which in noninfected mammalian cells is activated by the gtpase cdc42. A cell using actin based motility to crawl across a substrate must coordinate the action of numerous individual molecular building blocks to achieve coherent cell movement.

Pdf control of actin assembly dynamics in cell motility. Pdf regulation of apicomplexan actinbased motility. Baculoviruses use the arp23 pathway for motility and nuclear actin assembly poxviruses are not the only viruses to hijack the arp23 complex to promote actin polymerization. Request pdf monte carlo simulation of actin filament based cell motility cell motility resulting from actin polymerization is modeled on a twodimensional square lattice. Pdf on sep 1, 2007, mariefrance carlier and others published control of actin assembly dynamics in cell motility find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Add increasing concentrations of cell motility instance, the function of grb2, a protein that nbdlabeled actin in the presence of a fixed 12. Feb 01, 2005 intriguingly, once in the cytosol, bacteria are propelled using actin based motility at rates of about 11.

Plos biology an actinbased wave generator organizes cell. It can produce pushing protrusive forces through coordinated polymerization of multiple actin filaments or pulling contractile forces through. This approach is based on the idea that behavioral or shape changes of a cell bear information about the underlying mechanisms that generate these changes. The rate of actinbased motility of intracellular listeria. Slepchenko3, masoud nickaeen3 1cornell university, 2adrian college, 3richard d. Cytoskeleton and cell motility archive ouverte hal.

Regulation of actinbased cell migration by camppka core. Even vaccinia virus, which undergoes actin based motility after replication and release in its extra. Carlier and colleagues have now stripped the system down by reconstituting the actin. Actin based motility of bacterial pathogensin the late 1980s, several research groups found that factin is responsible for the intracellular movement of two unrelated bacterial pathogens, listeria monocytogenes 12, and. Novel form of actin based motility transports bacteria on the surfaces of infected cells.

In contrast, the listeria acta protein interacts with and activates directly the arp23 complex. In cells, actin binding proteins assemble most actin. In lamellipodia of crawling cells, filament nucleation and branching is triggered through the. Furthermore, the use of pseudopods discriminates it from the fast bleb based motility adopted by broblasts in environments that preclude adhesion formation liu et al. Carlier mf, laurent v, santolini j, melki r, didry d, xia gx, hong y, chua nh, pantaloni d 1997.

The use of such model systems has also led to the identification of specific. Our studies have shown that anthrax lethal toxin lt also. Actinbased motility drives baculovirus transit to the. Each image corresponds to one of the three types of host actin polymerization pathways hijacked or mimicked for actinbased motility arp23, forminlike and enavasplike. The main component of the actin cytoskeleton is actin. Some are based on filamentscale descriptions of actin assembly and crosslinking 29,30, while others take a more coarsegrained approach based on the bulk mechanical properties of crosslinked polymer. This model provides a framework for analysing the role of actin. Plos biology an actinbased wave generator organizes. This actin myosin based posterior movement of surface adhesins will then drive the bulk of the parasite forward into the target cell. Covers insights coming from the various disciplines cell biology, biochemistry, biophysics and theoretical modelling that have contributed, in the past ten years, in understanding actinbased motility. Actin depolymerizing factor adfcofilin enhances the rate of filament turnover. A decade ago, the identification of a genetically manipulable model system that could mimic the actin filament dynamics of lamellipodial protrusion without the requirement for a plasma membrane was desperately needed to understand actin based motility at the molecular level. Monte carlo simulation of actin filament based cell motility.

In many tissue cells, the capacity for locomotion is normally repressed, but can be activated by wounding or oncogenic transformation. Most animal cell types possess the capacity to move over or through a substrate, and cell locomotion plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease. The only known exception is nematode sperm cells in which polymers of major sperm protein appear to play the roles of actin filaments italiano et al. Pdf spatially controlled polymerization of actin is at the origin of cell motility and is responsible for the formation of cellular protrusions like. A comprehensive understanding of actin based cell motility. Feb 01, 2017 actinbased motility is regulated by diverse molecular mechanisms. Pdf actinbased motility assay christophe le clainche. Moreover, actin assembly powers bacterial abm through the host cytosol, enabling bacteria to reach the cell periphery, where they enter into. Several intracellular bacterial pathogens, including species of listeria, rickettsia, shigella, mycobacteria, and burkholderia, have evolved mechanisms to exploit the actin polymerization machinery of their hosts to induce actin. The journal of cell biology how vasp enhances actin based motility samarin et al. Actin based motility describes a variety of cellular processes through which living cells change shape in response to environmental signals, or extend protrusions like lamellipodia and filopodia, or wrap around a particle in a phagocytic cup. Pdf bacillus anthracis edema toxin impairs neutrophil. Dec 24, 2001 the respective roles and functions of each partner in actin.

Wasp and scar are evolutionarily conserved in actin. An area of research called inverse problems in cell motility has been established. The discovery of bacterial actin based motility intracellular bacterial movement was first observed in the 1950s by timelapse microscopy of cells. In both cases, contraction is based on two essential structuresa stress fibers, composed of actin filaments and myosin ii motors, and cell adhesion sites, on which. Actin based motile processes are responsible for a large variety of motile activities such as chemotactic locomotion, embryonic and metastatic cell migration, wound healing, eukaryotic cytokinesis and bacterial plasmid segregation, endocytic and phagocytic activities, as well as morphogenetic processes including, axis patterning in early embryos, axonal growth in brain development, and the immune response and synaptic plasticity processes at the origin of learning and memory. These defects in actin assembly are accompanied by a 50fold increase in intracellular cyclic amp and a 4fold increase in the activation of protein kinase a pka. Actinbased motility of intracellular pathogens sciencedirect. Berlin center for cell analysis and modeling, uconn health these two authors contributed equally to this work introduction motile cells have two states. Skov3 cells were treated with dmso or myc b 25 nm for 2 hours, and the subcellular localization of endogenous cortactin and f actin were analyzed by.